Lectio Tertia


Learn Latin on the Armenian Antilibrary, by Beyon Miloyan

Inin: prep. Eng: to primisprimus: adj.abl.pl.masc. Eng: first annisannus: noun.abl.pl.masc. Eng: year Romaniprop. habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have reges.rex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king Regesrex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live Etrusci.prop. Etrusciprop. erranterro: verb.pres.3per.pl. Eng: err, stray inin: prep. Eng: to thronothronus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: throne Romano.prop. Etrusciprop. regnaveruntregno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: reign inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romana.prop. PrimiPrimus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: first regesrex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live boni.bonus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: good Sedsed: conj. Eng: but rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king ultimusultimus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: last fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be malus.malus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king ultimusultimus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: last fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Tarquinius.prop. Romaniprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amaveruntamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: love Tarquinium.prop. Tarquiniusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king malus.malus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad Nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king bonus.bonus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: good Nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king magnus.magnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: great Rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king malusmalus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king magnus.magnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: great Rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king malusmalus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king parvus.parvus: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: small Tarquiniusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be magnus.magnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: great Fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be malus.malus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of Romaniprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amaveruntamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: love Tarquiniumprop. regem.rex: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: king Anteante: prep. Eng: before Tarquiniumprop. regesrex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live boni.bonus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: good Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Tarquiniusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be bonus.bonus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: good Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of Tarquiniusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romana.prop. Tarquiniusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love veritatem.veritas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: truth Romaniprop. dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because Tarquiniusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be malus.malus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of nonnon: adv. Eng: not remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: to urbe.urbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Romaniprop. remanseruntremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: to urbe.urbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city

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Cogitemuscogito: verb.pres.1per.pl. Eng: think nuncnunc: adv. Eng: now

Ablative case: There isn’t much new in this lesson. So let’s catch up on a bit of old business. Notice the phrases: in terra Romana, in throno Romano, in urbe. They all have the word in. That word is a preposition (prep.). Notice the endings of the words that come after it: a, o, and e. They are in special case: the ablative case.

The preposition in often (not always) takes the ablative case. Let’s notice what the ablative endings are: terra, throno, urbe. So we see three families of nouns again in the ablative, just as there were in the nominative and accusative cases. The ablative endings we have here are all singular. They are:

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Accusative -am -as -um -os -em -es
Ablative -a -o -e

Now let us turn back to the first two lessons and find other prepositions: What case comes after cum? It is the ablative which ALWAYS comes after cum. We also saw the preposition ad. What case comes after it? It is ALWAYS the accusative case.

But our old friend the preposition in sometimes takes the accusative case. Remember some of the sentences we have already seen: Maria venit in scholam. Columbus venit in Americam. Now what is the differences between the following two sentences?

  1. Maria venit in scholam.
  2. Maria fuit in schola.

In 1. Mary is going somewhere—she is moving into somewhere. In 2. Mary is going nowhere—she is stuck in school. Therefore, sometimes in means into, motion traveling into; it then takes the accusative case. Sometimes in means in (or on)—no motion: it then takes the ablative case.

If we add up all our prepositions thus far we get:

  1. ad with accusative means to, up to ("Columbus venit ad Reginam Isabellam.")
  2. ante with accusative means before ("In anno millesimo ante Christum . . .")
  3. cum with ablative means with ("Isabella non venit in Americam cum Columbo.")
  4. in with accusative means into (motion) ("Isabella non venit in Americam cum Columbo.")
  5. in with ablative means in or on (no motion) ("Non viderunt Columbum in schola.")

Find all examples of prepositions in the text thus far.

Now for some exercise. Look for ablative patterns:

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Etrusciprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live regesrex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romana.prop. Etrusciprop. veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to terramterra: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: land Romanam.prop. Etrusciprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romanaprop. inin: prep. Eng: to annoannus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: year sescentesimosescentesimus: adj.abl.sg.masc. Eng: six-hundredth (600) anteante: prep. Eng: before Christum.prop. Columbusprop. venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to terramterra: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: land Americanam.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Statusstatus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: state Foederatifoederatus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: confederated Americaeprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land quandoquando: adv./conj. Eng: when Columbusprop. venit.venio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find Statusstatus: noun.acc.pl.masc. Eng: state Foederatosfoederatus: adj.acc.pl.masc. Eng: confederated Americae.prop. Fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Georgiusprop. Washingtonprop. virvir: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: man bonus?bonus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: good Statusstatus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: state Foederatifoederatus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: confederated Americaeprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live bonibonus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: good etet: conj. Eng: and magni.magnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great Columbusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be primusprimus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: first virvir: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: man albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white inin: prep. Eng: to America.prop. Columbusprop. dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find Americam.prop. Columbusprop. veritatemveritas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: truth dixit.dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say Georgiusprop. Washingtonprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find Americam.prop. Georgiusprop. veritatemveritas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: truth dixit.dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say Mariaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find Americam.prop. Mariaprop. dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find agnumagnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: lamb album.albus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: white Dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find agnumagnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albumalbus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: white inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come adad: prep. Eng: to scholam.schola: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: school Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to scholamschola: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: school cumcum: prep. Eng: with Maria.prop. Romaniprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because Etrusciprop. fundaveruntfundo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: pour out, found Romam.prop. Agnusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: to Americaprop. quandoquando: adv./conj. Eng: when Columbusprop. venit.venio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come Agnusprop. albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to Americamprop. cumcum: prep. Eng: with Columbo.prop. Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: white remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain cumcum: prep. Eng: with Maria.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white nonnon: adv. Eng: not remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain domi.domus: adv. Eng: house Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to scholamschola: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: school cumcum: prep. Eng: with Maria.prop. Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be primusprimus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: first agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be ultimusultimus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: last agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white nonnon: adv. Eng: not remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb exclamavitexclamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: exclaim baa inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of Marcusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love agnumagnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: lamb album.albus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: white Mariaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love porcos.porcus: noun.acc.pl.masc. Eng: pig Porciporcus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: pig nonnon: adv. Eng: not fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live albi.album: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: white

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