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Lectio Tertia


Learn Latin on the Armenian Antilibrary, by Beyon Miloyan

Inin: prep. Eng: to primisprimus: adj.abl.pl.masc. Eng: first annisannus: noun.abl.pl.masc. Eng: year Romaniprop. habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have reges.rex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king Regesrex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live Etrusci.prop. Etrusciprop. erranterro: verb.pres.3per.pl. Eng: err, stray inin: prep. Eng: to thronothronus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: throne Romano.prop. Etrusciprop. regnaveruntregno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: reign inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romana.prop. PrimiPrimus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: first regesrex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live boni.bonus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: good Sedsed: conj. Eng: but rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king ultimusultimus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: last fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be malus.malus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king ultimusultimus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: last fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Tarquinius.prop. Romaniprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amaveruntamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: love Tarquinium.prop. Tarquiniusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king malus.malus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad Nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king bonus.bonus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: good Nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king magnus.magnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: great Rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king malusmalus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king magnus.magnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: great Rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king malusmalus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king parvus.parvus: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: small Tarquiniusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be magnus.magnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: great Fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be malus.malus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of Romaniprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amaveruntamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: love Tarquiniumprop. regem.rex: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: king Anteante: prep. Eng: before Tarquiniumprop. regesrex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live boni.bonus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: good Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Tarquiniusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be bonus.bonus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: good Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of Tarquiniusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romana.prop. Tarquiniusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love veritatem.veritas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: truth Romaniprop. dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because Tarquiniusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be malus.malus: adj.nom.sg.mac. Eng: bad Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of nonnon: adv. Eng: not remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: to urbe.urbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Romaniprop. remanseruntremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: to urbe.urbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city

Cogitemuscogito: verb.pres.1per.pl. Eng: think nuncnunc: adv. Eng: now

Ablative case: There isn’t much new in this lesson. So let’s catch up on a bit of old business. Notice the phrases: in terra Romana, in throno Romano, in urbe. They all have the word in. That word is a preposition (prep.). Notice the endings of the words that come after it: a, o, and e. They are in special case: the ablative case.

The preposition in often (not always) takes the ablative case. Let’s notice what the ablative endings are: terra, throno, urbe. So we see three families of nouns again in the ablative, just as there were in the nominative and accusative cases. The ablative endings we have here are all singular. They are:

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Accusative -am -as -um -os -em -es
Ablative -a -o -e

Now let us turn back to the first two lessons and find other prepositions: What case comes after cum? It is the ablative which ALWAYS comes after cum. We also saw the preposition ad. What case comes after it? It is ALWAYS the accusative case.

But our old friend the preposition in sometimes takes the accusative case. Remember some of the sentences we have already seen: Maria venit in scholam. Columbus venit in Americam. Now what is the differences between the following two sentences?

  1. Maria venit in scholam.
  2. Maria fuit in schola.

In 1. Mary is going somewhere—she is moving into somewhere. In 2. Mary is going nowhere—she is stuck in school. Therefore, sometimes in means into, motion traveling into; it then takes the accusative case. Sometimes in means in (or on)—no motion: it then takes the ablative case.

If we add up all our prepositions thus far we get:

  1. ad with accusative means to, up to ("Columbus venit ad Reginam Isabellam.")
  2. ante with accusative means before ("In anno millesimo ante Christum . . .")
  3. cum with ablative means with ("Isabella non venit in Americam cum Columbo.")
  4. in with accusative means into (motion) ("Isabella non venit in Americam cum Columbo.")
  5. in with ablative means in or on (no motion) ("Non viderunt Columbum in schola.")

Find all examples of prepositions in the text thus far.

Now for some exercise. Look for ablative patterns:

Etrusciprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live regesrex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romana.prop. Etrusciprop. veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to terramterra: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: land Romanam.prop. Etrusciprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romanaprop. inin: prep. Eng: to annoannus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: year sescentesimosescentesimus: adj.abl.sg.masc. Eng: six-hundredth (600) anteante: prep. Eng: before Christum.prop. Columbusprop. venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to terramterra: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: land Americanam.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Statusstatus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: state Foederatifoederatus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: confederated Americaeprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land quandoquando: adv./conj. Eng: when Columbusprop. venit.venio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find Statusstatus: noun.acc.pl.masc. Eng: state Foederatosfoederatus: adj.acc.pl.masc. Eng: confederated Americae.prop. Fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Georgiusprop. Washingtonprop. virvir: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: man bonus?bonus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: good Statusstatus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: state Foederatifoederatus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: confederated Americaeprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live bonibonus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: good etet: conj. Eng: and magni.magnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great Columbusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be primusprimus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: first virvir: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: man albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white inin: prep. Eng: to America.prop. Columbusprop. dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find Americam.prop. Columbusprop. veritatemveritas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: truth dixit.dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say Georgiusprop. Washingtonprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find Americam.prop. Georgiusprop. veritatemveritas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: truth dixit.dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say Mariaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find Americam.prop. Mariaprop. dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find agnumagnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: lamb album.albus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: white Dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find agnumagnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albumalbus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: white inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come adad: prep. Eng: to scholam.schola: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: school Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to scholamschola: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: school cumcum: prep. Eng: with Maria.prop. Romaniprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because Etrusciprop. fundaveruntfundo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: pour out, found Romam.prop. Agnusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: to Americaprop. quandoquando: adv./conj. Eng: when Columbusprop. venit.venio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come Agnusprop. albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to Americamprop. cumcum: prep. Eng: with Columbo.prop. Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: white remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain cumcum: prep. Eng: with Maria.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white nonnon: adv. Eng: not remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain domi.domus: adv. Eng: house Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to scholamschola: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: school cumcum: prep. Eng: with Maria.prop. Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be primusprimus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: first agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be ultimusultimus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: last agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white nonnon: adv. Eng: not remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb exclamavitexclamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: exclaim baa inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of Marcusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love agnumagnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: lamb album.albus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: white Mariaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love porcos.porcus: noun.acc.pl.masc. Eng: pig Porciporcus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: pig nonnon: adv. Eng: not fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live albi.album: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: white

A Very Hungry Caterpillar translated into Classical Armenian

Life cycle of the red-humped caterpillar (Schizura concinna ).

 Սովամահ Թրթրուկն

Թարգմանեալ ի Պիոն Միլոյեան


Ի լոյսն լուսնի կայր ձու մի փոքր ի վերայ տերեւոյ։

 

Յաւուր միաշաբաթւոջ ընդ առաւաւտս՝ ահա ծնաւ թրթրուկ մի փոքրիկ եւ յոյժ քաղցնու. եւ ելեալ յածէր ի խնդիր կերակրոց։

 

Յաւուր երկշաբաթւոջ եկեր խնձոր մի։ Այլ դեռ եւս քաղցեալ էր։ Յաւուր երեքշաբաթւոջ եկեր տանձ երկու։ Այլ դեռ եւս քաղցեալ էր։ Յաւուր չորեքշաբաթւոջ եկեր սալոր երեք։ Այլ դեռ եւս քաղցեալ էր։ Յաւուր հինգշաբաթւոջ եկեր ելակ չորս։ Այլ դեռ եւս քաղցեալ էր։ Յաւուր ուրբաթու եկեր նարինջ հինգ։ Այլ դեռ տակաւին եւս քաղցեալ կայր։

 

Յաւուր շաբաթու եկեր բլիթ մի շոկոլադի, կոն մի պաղպաղակի, վարունգ մի թթու, կոտոր մի պանիր, կոտոր մի ապուխտ, կոտոր մի շաքարեղէն, կոտոր մի կարկանդակ կեռասոյ, երշիկ մի, կոտոր մի քաքար, եւ կոտոր մի ձմերուկ։

 

Եւ յայնմ գիշերի հիւանդացեալ։

 

Դարձեալ եղեւ ի վաղիւ միաշաբաթ. եւ իբրեւ եկեր տերեւ մի թրթրուկն ՝ապաքինեաց։

 

Եւ ոչ այլ քաղցեալ լինէր, եւ ոչ այլ թրթրուկ. զի եղեւ թրթուր՝ մարմնով հարստի եւ յոյժ թանձր։

 

Եւ շինեաց տուն մի փոքր շուրջ զիւրեաւ, որ է բոժոժ շերամի։ Եւ աւելի նստաւ ի ներքս քան զերկուս շաբաթս յերկարեցաւ։ Ապա ի բաց կտրէր բոժոժն եւ ել։

 

Եւ եղեւ թիթեռնիկ մի գեղեցիկ։

Lectio Secunda


Learn Latin on the Armenian Antilibrary, by Beyon Miloyan

Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this parvusparvus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: small porcusporcus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: pig venitvenire: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: he came inin: prep. Eng: to forum.forum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: marketplace Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this parvusparvus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: small porcusporcus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: pig remansitremanere: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain domi.domi: noun.loc.sg./adv. Eng: home Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this parvusparvus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: small porcusporcus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: pig habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have carnescarnes: noun.acc.pl.fem. Eng: meat bovinasbovinus: adj.acc.pl.fem. Eng: beef assas.assus: adj.acc.pl.fem. Eng: roast Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this parvusparvus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: small porcusporcus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: pig nonnon: adv. Eng: not habuit.habeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this parvusparvus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: small porcusporcus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: pig exclamavit:exclamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: exclaim Oui! Oui! Oui! Porciporcus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: pig dixerunt:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say Oink! Oink!

Romaprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be urbsurbs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: city magna.magnus: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: great, large Romaniprop. amaveruntamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: love Romam.prop. Romaprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be antiqua.antiquus: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: ancient Romaniprop. dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because Romulusprop. etet: conj. Eng: and Remusprop. fundaveruntfundo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: pour out, found Romam.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say veritatem.veritas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: truth

Inin: prep. Eng: to annoannus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: year millesimomillesimus: adj.abl.sg.masc. Eng: thousand anteante: prep. Eng: before Christum,prop. virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man iamiam: adv. Eng: already fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romana.prop. Etrusciprop. fundaveruntfundo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: pour out, found Romam.prop. Etrusciprop. amaveruntamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: love Romanos.prop. Romaniprop. amaveruntamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: love terrasterra: noun.acc.pl.fem. Eng: land Romanas.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but nonnon: adv. Eng: not habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have urbesurbs: noun.acc.pl.fem. Eng: city magnas.magnus: adj.acc.pl.fem. Eng: great, large

Cogitemuscogito: verb.pres.1per.pl. Eng: think nuncnunc: adv. Eng: now

Verbs: Last time we saw verbs ending in -it. They were singular (sg.). The subject of those verbs was singular. But when the subject is plural (pl.), the verbs must be plural too. To make the verbs plural, we change the ending -it to -erunt. But we do not care if the object is plural. That does not affect the verb. To sum up: we have two verb endings so far: -it for singular: -erunt for plural.

Nouns: But on nouns we can have four different endings now. We can have singular (sg.) or plural (pl.) for the subject (nominative case, nom.). And we can have singular or plural for the object (accusative case, acc.). We will not bother to learn the subject patterns now. But we could look at the object patterns. We have several different types of nouns. Let us look at one of each family. We will give singular and plural accusative case endings for each:

  1. Terram, terras (-am, -as)
  2. Porcum, porcos (-um, -os)
  3. Urbem, urbes (-em, -es)

Adjectives: Words like magnus and parvus are adjectives. For the present, just be satisfied to get their meaning.

Quod: Notice how quod was used. We have used it only in combinations such as these: he says that, or he thinks that. We call this one use of quod: the dixit quod pattern or the indirect statement. In it we tell, without quote marks, and in an inexact way, what someone says or thinks.

Mariaprop. etet: conj. Eng: and Marcusprop. videruntvideo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: see agnum.agnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: lamb Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Marcusprop. etet: conj. Eng: and Mariaprop. dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Videruntvideo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: see agnumagnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: lamb inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Nonnon: adv. Eng: not videruntvideo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: see Columbumprop. inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because Columbusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romana.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb exclamavitexclamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: exclaim inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb dixit:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say baa. Columbusprop. dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb dixit:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say baa. Porciporcus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: pig nonnon: adv. Eng: not fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live inin: prep. Eng: to schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Porciporcus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: pig fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live inin: prep. Eng: to terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romana.prop. Porciporcus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: pig dixerunt:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say oink. Porciporcus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: pig dixerunt:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say oui! Porciporcus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: pig nonnon: adv. Eng: not fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live albi.albus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: white Porciporcus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: pig fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be, live rotundi.rotundus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: round Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this porcusporcus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: pig fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: to urbe.urbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixit:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say oink. Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb dixit:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say oink. Columbusprop. dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb dixit:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say baa. Columbusprop. veritatemveritas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: truth dixit.dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say Marcusprop. dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that, because agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb dixit:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say oink. Marcusprop. veritatemveritas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: truth nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixit.dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have porcos.porcus: noun.acc.pl.masc. Eng: pig Agniagnus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: lamb veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to navem.navis: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: ship Columbusprop. amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love agnos.agnus: noun.acc.pl.masc. Eng: lamb Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love porcos.porcus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: pig Columbusprop. invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find agnosagnus: noun.acc.pl.masc. Eng: lamb inin: prep. Eng: to America.prop. Reginaregina: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: queen nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be parva.parvus: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: small Reginaregina: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: queen deditdo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: give pecuniam.pecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money Marcusprop. amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love puellam.puella: noun.acc.fem.sg. Eng: girl

Lectio Prima


Learn Latin on the Armenian Antilibrary, by Beyon Miloyan

Columbusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be nauta.nauta: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: sailor Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have navem.navis: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: ship Columbusprop. venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come adad: prep. Eng: to Reginamregina: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: queen Isabellam.prop. Columbusprop. dixit:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say Mundusmundus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: world estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rotundus.rotundus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: round Mundusmundus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: world nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be planus.planus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: flat Reginaregina: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: queen deditdo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: give pecuniam.pecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find Indiam.prop. Columbusprop. invenitinvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: find Americam.prop. Americaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be parva.parva: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: small

Cogitemuscogito: verb.pres.1per.pl. Eng: think nuncnunc: adv. Eng: now

Here is an English sentence: Marcus saw the lamb (Marcus vidit agnum). There are three important words in it. Marcus is the subject; it is in the nominative case. The verb is saw. The object is lamb; therefore, it is in the objective case. Notice that the Latin verbs above all end in -it. Notice that the word lamb in English comes after the verb. Lamb is the object. In Latin we do not depend on the order of words to show the object—we depend on the ending. Notice that many words above end in -m. That is the ending for the object. Some have -am: some have -um: some have -em. Notice the various endings for the nominative case. We need not be concerned about them today. After words like ad, cum, and in, we have still other endings. Do not bother about them now. We can understand the story without knowing about them. There is no Latin word for the, no word for a or an. Just supply these in English when you need them.

Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be puella.puella: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: girl Mariaprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be puella.puella: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: girl Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be planus.planus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: flat Fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Columbusprop. rotundus?rotundus: adj.nom.sg.masc. EnG: round Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have pecuniam.pecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money Isabellaprop. habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have pecuniam.pecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money Isabellaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have parvumparvus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: small agnum.agnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: lamb Isabellaprop. habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have pecuniam.pecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have parvumparvus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: small agnum.agnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: small Mariaprop. habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have parvumparvus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: small agnum.agnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: small Mariaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not deditdo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: give pecuniam.pecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money Isabellaprop. deditdo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: give pecuniam.pecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Mariaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not deditdo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: give parvumparvus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: small agnum.agnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: small Isabellaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to scholam.schola: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: school Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to scholam.schola: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: school Columbusprop. venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to Americam.prop. Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to Americamprop. cumcum: prep. Eng: with agno.agnus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: lamb Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to Americamprop. cumcum: prep. Eng: with Isabella.prop. Isabellaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to Americamprop. cumcum: prep. Eng: with Columbo.prop. Isabellaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to navem.navis: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: ship Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to navem.navis: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: ship Mariaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: to navem.navis: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: ship Agnusprop. albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: to India.prop. Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: to India.prop. Indiaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be agnus.agnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb Indiaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be navis.navis: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: ship Columbusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be albus.albus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Indiaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be alba.albus: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: white Mundusmundus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: world fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be rotundus.rotundus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: round Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Indiaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be alba.albus: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: white Mundusmundus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: world fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be rotundus.rotundus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: round Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Indiaprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be rotunda.rotundus: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: round

Book of the Week: Animal Rationality

 Cover Animal Rationality


Animal Rationality: Later Medieval Theories 1250-1350 by Anselm Oelze (Brill, 2018)
. [Open Access]

 

I happened upon this book a few days ago, a pleasant surprise. Oelze demonstrates how deeply the roots of modern ethology and comparative psychology lie in medieval thought, and especially scholastic thought. It turns out that even the most timely topics in modern comparative research had already been raised by scholastic theologians and philosophers such as Avicenna, Roger Bacon, Thomas Aquinas, Albert Magnus, John Duns Scotus and John Buridan, &c. These researches not only concern certain capacities that are still as much of interest today as they were then (such as rationality, judgment, memory and foresight), but also the question of what sets human cognition apart from non-human animal cognition—a crux of modern comparative and evolutionary research.

 

For those interested in how methods of science have been brought to bear on understanding animal rationality, I recommend Niko Tinbergen’s Curious Naturalists, which presents firsthand descriptions of his field studies that contributed to his winning the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology. Those interested in exploring more popular (as opposed to scholastic) medieval literature on animals may like to read Physiologus, a collection of animal tales that was among the most read books in late antiquity. I recently prepared this bilingual edition of the book: It features the 5th century Classical Armenian text with word-by-word grammatical tags and a facing English translation by Robert Bedrosian. Robert’s translation, which excludes the moralisms that constitute a key part of the medieval text, brings the book more in line with J. L. Borges’ Book of Imaginary Beings.

 

A note on animal welfare, which now mistakenly tends to be viewed as a secular movement associated with a global warming agenda, certain misanthropic tendencies, and petty acts of vandalism. The fact is that few individuals in modern times have contributed as significantly to promoting animal welfare as Anna Sewell in her 1877 novel, Black Beauty. I note that Sewell was from a family of Quakers, a group that contained some of the most prominent figures involved in the US abolition movement (as I have briefly discussed elsewhere). In a 2018 talk at the Vatican, the Orthodox theologian, His Eminence, the late John Zizioulas, broached this topic within the broader context of man’s communion with nature. This excerpt in particular struck me:

 

The Gospel is not only good news for humanity, but for nature as well… 

 

The human being contains in itself all of creation, having received the call from the Creator to unite it in itself and refer it back to him in gratitude and thanksgiving… Humanity and the rest of creation form a single body. Nature is a sacrament. The inseparable ontological link between humanity and the rest of creation makes nature acquire the function of the means or tool by which the human being exercises its ec-static capacity of communion with God and with other beings. This means that the human being can communicate only via nature… 

 

In our time, this of course tends to be more or less doubted, with the development of digital communication, and perhaps with artificial intelligence and so on. And this I think must be seriously considered in connection with ecology. The spread and domination of communication which bypasses nature can have serious ecological consequences for humanity, as it tends to dissociate it from nature.


In the Christian tradition, humanity uses natural material for communion with God and between human beings themselves. As is evident in all the sacraments of the Church, it is not without significance that we are baptized with water, offer the eucharist in the form of bread and wine, are anointed with oil, exchange the kiss of peace by embracing one another with our bodies, etc. The world becomes in this way a sacrament; that is, a material or natural reality which carries the capacity of communion…


This may be news to some in these reactive times, but one can, in fact, choose to commune more closely with nature without having some grand political agenda and irrespective of his political leanings.

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Omnis: Practice

Latin Declension Exerciser








Return to lesson (Third Declension: Omnis)