Lectio Quinta

Romaniprop. expuleruntexpello: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: expel Etruscos.prop. Nuncnunc: adv. Eng: now Etrusciprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not suntsum: verb.pres.3per.pl. Eng: be regesrex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king inin: prep. Eng: in terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romana.prop. Romaniprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not suntsum: verb.pres.3per.pl. Eng: be regesrex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king inin: prep. Eng: in terraterra: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: land Romana,prop. sedsed: conj. Eng: but Romaniprop. feceruntfacio: verb.past.3per.pl. Eng: make consulesconsul: noun.acc.pl.masc. Eng: consul duos.duo: num. Eng: two Consulesconsul: noun.acc.pl.masc. Eng: consul fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man boni.bonus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: good Regesrex: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: king Etrusciprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be mali.malus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: evil Sedsed: conj. Eng: but consulesconsul: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: consul nonnon: adv. Eng: not suntsum: verb.pres.3per.pl. Eng: be mali—malus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: evil virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man magnimagnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great sunt.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be Consulesconsul: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: consul habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have magnammagnus: adj.acc.sg.fem. Eng: great potestam.potestas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: power Inin: prep. Eng: in urbeurbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Romanaprop. civescivis: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: citizen pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.3per.pl. Eng: fight cumcum: prep. Eng: with civibus.civis: noun.abl.pl.masc. Eng: citizen Romaniprop. patriciipatricius: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: patrician fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be divites:dives: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: wealthy magnammagnus: adj.acc.sg.fem. Eng: great pecuniampecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money habuerunt.habeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have Patriciipatricius: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: patrician etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet magnammagnus: adj.acc.sg.fem. Eng: great potestatempotestas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: power habuerunt.habeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have Sedsed: conj. Eng: but plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian Romanaprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be pauperes.pauper: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: pauper Plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian nonnon: adv. Eng: not habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have pecuniam.pecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money Plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian nonnon: adv. Eng: not habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have potestatempotestas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: power inin: prep. Eng: in urbe.urbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian volueruntvolo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: want potestatem.potestas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: power Plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian volueruntvolo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: want pecuniam.pecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money Patriciipatricius: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: patrician nonnon: adv. Eng: not dederuntdo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: give pecuniam.pecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money Patriciipatricius: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: patrician nonnon: adv. Eng: not dederuntdo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: give potestatempotestas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: power inin: prep. Eng: in urbe.urbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.3per.pl. Eng: fight cumcum: prep. Eng: with patriciis.patricius: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: patrician Plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian nonnon: adv. Eng: not remanseruntremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: in urbe.urbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: in Sacrumsacrum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: sacred Montem.mons: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: mountain Patriciipatricius: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: patrician exclamaverunt:exclamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: exclaim Venitevenio: verb.imp.pl. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: in urbem!urbs: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: city Sedsed: conj. Eng: but plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: in Montemons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: mountain Sacro.sacrum: noun.abl.sg.neut. Eng: sacred Magnimagnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great patriciipatricius: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: patrician veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come adad: prep. Eng: to plebem.plebs: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian Dixerunt:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say VENITE!venio: verb.imp.pl. Eng: come venitevenio: verb.imp.pl. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: in urbemurbs: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: city Romanam!prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: in Montemons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: mountain Sacro.sacrum: noun.abl.sg.neut. Eng: sacred Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of patriciipatricius: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: patrician creaveruntcreo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: create officiumofficium: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: office novum.novus: adj.acc.sg.neut. Eng: new Creaveruntcreo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: create tribunostribunus: noun.acc.pl.masc. Eng: tribune plebis.plebs: noun.gen.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian Fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be duoduo: num. Eng: two tribunitribunus: noun.acc.pl.masc. Eng: tribune plebis.plebs: noun.gen.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian nonnon: adv. Eng: not remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: in Montemons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: mountain Sacro.sacrum: noun.abl.sg.neut. Eng: sacred Plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: in urbem.urbs: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: city Plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come cumcum: prep. Eng: with tribunis.tribunus: noun.abl.pl.masc. Eng: tribune Tribunitribunus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: tribune magnammagnus: adj.acc.sg.fem. Eng: great potestatempotestas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: power habuerunt.habeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have Consulesconsul: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: consul habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have magnammagnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great potestatem.potestas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: power Sedsed: conj. Eng: but tribunitribunus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: tribune etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have magnammagnus: adj.acc.sg.fem. Eng: great potestatem.potestas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: power

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Cogitemuscogito: verb.past.perf.1per.pl. Eng: think nuncnunc: adv. Eng: now

Nouns in vocabulary: Thus far we have been learning the moniative singular in vocabularies. Now that we have the ablative, we shall learn both the nominative and the ablative singular. We can tell what family the noun belongs to by the ablative singular. Therefore, the ability singular does two things for us:

1. It shows which declension a noun belongs to (and so we know which set of endings to use).
2. It should the base on which we build the endings (ablative singular minus ending).

Now to help you bring your vocabulary notebook up to date, here are the ablatives of all the nouns we have learned so far:

1. agnus, o
2. annus, o
3. aqua, a
4. bellum, o
5. civis, i
6. forum, o
7. ignis, i
8. mundus, o
9. nauta, a
10. navis, i
11. pecunia, a
12. pons, ponte
13. potestas, potestate
14. puella, a
15. pugna, a
16. regina, a
17. rex, rege
18. terra, a
19. urbs, urbe
20. veritas, veritate
21. vir, viro

(Exercitus is fourth declension, which we shall see later. Ablative is: exercitu)

Ablative plurals: The ablative plural endings for the three families are: 1. -is (e.g., nautis) 2. -is (e.g., agnis) 3. -ibus (e.g., civibus). If we add it all up we get both the singular and the plural of the ablative thus:

	First Declension	Second Declension	Third Declension
Sg.	-a	-o	-i or -e
Pl.	-is	-is	-ibus

Note that some third declension nouns have -I, while some have -e. We shall see more about that fact later on. It makes little difference to us.

Expletive “there”: an introductory word: Notice this sentence: Non sunt reges in terra Romana. We could translate it in two ways: Kings are not in the Roman land. 2. There are not kings in the Roman land.

The word there in the second sentence is an expletive (a “filler”). Latin does very well without it. It is used in Englnish sometimes to start a sentence which has the verb to be (any form) in it. This use of the word there is different from the use in which it means “in that place.” Latin does have a word that means there in the sense of “in the place” But Latin has no expletive there. So we will fill it in English whenever we need it.

Plebs: This word is collective: the form is singular, but the sense is plural—so—we can use either a singular or a plural verb with it. Find examples in the story above.

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Exerceamusexerceo: verb.pres.1per.pl. Eng: exercise nosego: pron.nom.pl. Eng: I

Ubiubi: adv. Eng: where suntsum: verb.pres.3per.pl. Eng: be Romani?prop. Romaniprop. suntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in urbeurbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Romana.prop. Suntnesum: verb.pres.3per.pl. Eng: be; ne: part. plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian inin: prep. Eng: in urbeurbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Romana?prop. Non.non: adv. Eng: not Plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in urbeurbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Romana.prop. Plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian estsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in Montemons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: mountain Sacro.sacrum: noun.abl.sg.neut. Eng: sacred Plebsplebs: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come exex: prep. Eng: from urbeurbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city (out of the city). Veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: in Montemmons: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: mountain Sacrum.sacrum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: sacred Nonnon: adv. Eng: not remanseruntremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: in urbe.urbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Estnesum: verb.pres.3per.sg.; Eng: be; ne: part. Columbusprop. inin: prep. Eng: in Montemons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: mountain Sacro?sacrum: noun.abl.sg.neut. Eng: sacred Non.non: adv. Eng: not Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg.; Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in Montemons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: mountain Sacro.sacrum: noun.abl.sg.neut. Eng: sacred Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg.; Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in urbe.urbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Columbusprop. estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg.; Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in navi.navis: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: ship Navisnavis: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: ship estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in aqua.aqua: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: water Ubiubi: adv. Eng: where estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be agnus?agnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in Montemons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: mountain Sacro.sacrum: noun.abl.sg.neut. Eng: sacred Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Marcusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not voluitvolo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: want agnumagnus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: lamb inin: prep. Eng: in schola.schola: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: school Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Marcusprop. voluitvolo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: want Mariam.prop. Marcusprop. dixit:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say O!o: intj. Eng: oh! Mariaprop. estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be agnaagnus: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: lamb parva!parvus: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: little Marcusprop. amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love Mariam.prop. Mariaprop. amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love Marcum.prop. Mariaprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet dixit:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say O!o: intj. Eng: oh! Marcusprop. estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb parvus.parvus: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: little Estnesum: verb.pres.3per.sg.; Eng: be; ne: part. Columbusprop. agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb parvus?parvus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: small Non.non: adv. Eng: not Columbusprop. habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have uxorem.uxor: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: wife Uxoruxor: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: wife nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixit:dico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say Columbusprop. estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb parvus.parvus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: small Uxoruxor: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: wife dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that Columbusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be porcusporcus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: pig magnus.magnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: big Sedsed: conj. Eng: but uxoruxor: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: wife amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love Columbum.prop. Etet: conj. Eng: and Columbusprop. amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love uxorem.uxor: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: wife Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be porcusporcus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: pig magnus.magnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: big Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be porcusporcus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: pig parvus.parvus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: small Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be porcus.porcus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: pig Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Columbusprop. fuitsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rotundus.rotundus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: round Mundusmundus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: world etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rotundus.rotundus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: round Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rotundus.rotundus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: round Mundusmundus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: world nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be planus.planus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: flat Pecuniapecunia: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: money estest: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rotunda.rotunda: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: round Ergo:ergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of mundusmundus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: world estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rotundus—rotundus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: round etet: conj. Eng: and pecuniapecunia: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: money estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg.; Eng: be rotunda:rotunda: adj.nom.sg.fem. Eng: round estnesum: verb.pres.3per.sg.; Eng: be; ne: part. mundusmundus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: world pecunia?pecunia: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: money Non.non: adv. Eng: not Mundusmundus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: world nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be pecunia.pecunia: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: money Sedsed: conj. Eng: but virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man malimalus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: evil dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that pecuniapecunia: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: money estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king inin: prep. Eng: in mundo.mundus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: world Horatiusprop. habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have pecuniam.pecunia: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: money Horatiusprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet stetitsto: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: stand inin: prep. Eng: in ponte.pons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Sedsed: conj. Eng: but ponspons: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: bridge ceciditcado: verb.past.3per.sg. Eng: fall inin: prep. Eng: in aquam.aqua: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: water Ignisignis: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: fire ceciditcado: verb.past.3per.sg. Eng: fall inin: prep. Eng: in pontem.pons: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Romaniprop. pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight cumcum: prep. Eng: with Etruscis.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but patriciipatricius: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: patrician etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight cumcum: prep. Eng: with plebe.plebs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian Civescivis: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: citizen pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight cumcum: prep. Eng: with Etruscis.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but patriciipatricius: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: patrician etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight cumcum: prep. Eng: with plebe.plebs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: plebeian Civescivis: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: citizen pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight cumcum: prep. Eng: with civibus.civis: noun.abl.pl.masc. Eng: citizen

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Index