Lectio Quarta

Postquampostquam: conj. Eng: after Romaniprop. expuleruntexpello: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: expel Tarquiniumprop. bellumbellum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: war habuerunt.habeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have Tarquiniusprop. enimenim: conj. Eng: for Etruscusprop. fuit.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of Etrusciprop. veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come adad: prep. Eng: to bellumbellum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: war cumcum: prep. Eng: with Romanis.prop. Etrusciprop. dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that Romaniprop. malimalus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: bad fuerunt:sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be expuleruntexpello: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: expel Tarquinium.prop. Romaniprop. dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that Tarquiniusprop. malusmalus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: bad fuit:sum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of expulereuntexpello: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: expel Tarquinium.prop. Bellumbellum: noun.nom.sg.neut. Eng: war nonnon: adv. Eng: not parvumparvus: adj.nom.sg.neut. Eng: small fuit.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Bellumbellum: noun.nom.sg.neut. Eng: war fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be magnum.magnus: adj.nom.sg.neut. Eng: great Multimulti: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: many virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man magnimagnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in bello.bellum: noun.abl.sg.neut. Eng: war Virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man Romaniprop. amaveruntamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: love Romam.prop. Exclamaveruntexclamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: exclaim quodquod: conj. Eng: that Tarquiniusprop. malusmalus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: bad tyrannustyrannus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: tyrant fuit.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man Romaniprop. dixeruntdico: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say veritatem.veritas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: truth Tarquiniusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be tyrannustyrannus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: tyrant malus.malus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: bad

Etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king Etruscusprop. venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come cumcum: prep. Eng: with Tarquinioprop. adad: prep. Eng: to bellum.bellum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: war Rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king Etruscusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Larsprop. Porsenna.prop. Romaniprop. videruntvideo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: see exercitumexercitus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: army Etruscum.prop. Exercitusexercitus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: army Etruscusprop. magnusmagnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: great fuit.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Romaniprop. videruntvideo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: see quodquod: conj. Eng: that exercitusexercitus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: army Etruscusprop. magnusmagnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: great fuit.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Sedsed: conj. Eng: but exercitusexercitus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: army Romanusprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet magnusmagnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: great fuit.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man Romaniprop. magnimagnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great fuerunt.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be Sedsed: conj. Eng: but virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man Etrusciprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet magnimagnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great fuerunt.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be Nonnon: adv. Eng: not parviparvus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: small fuerunt.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man Romaniprop. etet: conj. Eng: and virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man Etrusciprop. paraveruntparo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: prepare adad: prep. Eng: to pugnam.pugna: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: combat Virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man Etrusciprop. dixerunt:dico: ver.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say Romaniprop. malimalus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: bad sunt:sum: verb.pres.3per.pl. Eng: be expuleruntexpello: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: expel Tarquinium.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Romaniprop. dixeruntdico: ver.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that Tarquiniusprop. malusmalus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: bad fuit.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Romaniprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not agniagnus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: lamb fuerunt—sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man fuerunt.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be Romaniprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be adad: prep. Eng: to urbem.urbs: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: city Steteruntsto: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: stand adad: prep. Eng: to pontem.pons: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet Etrusciprop. steteruntsto: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: stand adad: prep. Eng: to pontempons: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Romanum.prop. Romaniprop. ieceruntiacio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: throw ignemignis: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: fire inin: prep. Eng: in pontem.pons: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Virvir: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: man Romanusprop. magnusmagnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: great stetitsto: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: stand inin: prep. Eng: in, on ponte.pons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Hichic: pron.nom.sg.masc. Eng: this virvir: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: man fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Horatius.prop. Amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love Romam.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Etrusciprop. veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: in pontem.pons: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Ignisignis: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: fire venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: in, on pontem.pons: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Ponspons: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: bridge ceciditcado: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: fall inin: prep. Eng: in aquam.aqua: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: water Horatiusprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet ceciditcado: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: fall inin: prep. Eng: in aquam.aqua: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: water

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Videamusvideo: verb.pres.1per.pl. Eng: see Formasforma: noun.acc.pl.fem: Eng: form Veteres:veteres: adj.acc.pl.fem. Eng: old

Verbs: Let us review all the verb forms we have learned: we have seen only two forms. Verbs that end in -it and -erunt. They are third person singular and third person plural. They belong to the tense (time) that we call perfect. The perfect tense refers to something that is past.

Nouns: On nouns we have used three cases: nominative, accusative, and ablative. The nominative is the case for the subject. The accusative is the case for the direct object of a verb. It is also used for the object of some prepositions: ad, ante, and in (when in means into: motion). The ablative case so far has been used only after some prepositions: cum and in (when in means in or on—no motion). We have not yet bothered to learn the nominative patterns. But we do know the accusative patterns in three declensions:

1. -am, -as
2. -um, -os
3. -em, -es

We know the ablative singular endings for these three declensions:

1. -a
2. -o
3. -e

Constructions: We have learned some kinds of dependent clauses: We have seen quod for indirect statements after verbs of saying. We have seen quando in the sense of when. We have seen postquam in the sense of after (It never means afterwards).

Enim: Notice the odd word enim. It means for. But it can never be the first word in its own clause. If I want to say: “For the Romans were great”—I may say: “Romani enim fuerunt magni.” But not: Enim Romani fuerunt magni.

Now look for object (accusative) patterns:

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Tarquiniusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be rexrex: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: king malus.malus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: bad Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of Romaniprop. expuleruntexpello: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: expel regemrex: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: king malum.malus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: bad Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Tarquiniusprop. venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come cumcum: prep. Eng: with Etruscisprop. contracontra: prep. Eng: against Romam.prop. Etrusciprop. paraveruntparo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: prepare exercitumexercitus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: army magnum.magnus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: great Romaniprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet paraveruntparo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: prepare exercitumexercitus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: army magnum.magnus: adj.acc.sg.masc. Eng: great Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come cumcum: prep. Eng: with Etruscis.prop. Etetiam: adv. Eng: also, yet agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb albusalbus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: white nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come cumcum: prep. Eng: with Etruscis.prop. Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb enimenim: conj. Eng: for Tarquiniumprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not amavit.amo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb enimenim: conj. Eng: for dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say baa Tarquinioprop. (to Tarquinius).prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Tarquiniusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not iecitiacio: verb.past.3per.sg. Eng: throw agnumagnus: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: water inin: prep. Eng: in aquam.aqua: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: water Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb enimenim: conj. Eng: for inin: prep. Eng: in, on pontepons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: bridge nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuit.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Fuitnesum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be; ne: part. (Note: the little ending ne is often attached to the first word of a question unless that word is already a question word.) Tarquiniusprop. inin: prep. Eng: in ponte?pons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Non.non: adv. Eng: not Tarquiniusprop. inin: prep. Eng: in pontepons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: bridge nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuit.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Horatiusprop. inin: prep. Eng: in pontepons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: bridge fuit.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Horatiusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not remansitremaneo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: remain inin: prep. Eng: in ponte.pons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Ignisignis: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: fire enimenim: conj. Eng: for inin: prep. Eng: in pontempons: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: bridge venit.venio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come Romaniprop. ignemignis: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: fire ieceruntiacio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: throw inin: prep. Eng: in, on pontem.pons: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Etrusciprop. enimenim: conj. Eng: for inin: prep. Eng: in, on pontepons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: bridge fuerunt.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be Ponspons: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: bridge nonnon: adv. Eng: not amavitamo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: love ignem.ignis: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: fire Ponspons: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: bridge ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of ceciditcado: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: fall inin: prep. Eng: in aquam.aqua: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: water Horatiusprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet inin: prep. Eng: in aquamaqua: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: water cecidit.cado: verb.past.3per.sg. Eng: fall Horatiusprop. enimenim: conj. Eng: for nonnon: adv. Eng: not habuithabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: have navem.navis: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: ship Horatiusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not stetitsto: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: stand inin: prep. Eng: in pontepons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: bridge cumcum: prep. Eng: with igne.ignis: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: fire Ponspons: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: bridge etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet nonnon: adv. Eng: not stetit.sto: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: stand Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not viditvideo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: see ignemignis: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: fire inin: prep. Eng: in ponte.pons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Columbusprop. enimenim: conj. Eng: for nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in pontepons: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: bridge quandoquando: adv./conj. Eng: when ignisignis: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: fire venit.venio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come Fuitnesum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be; ne: part. Columbusprop. inin: prep. Eng: in urbeurbs: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: city Romanaprop. quandoquando: adv./conj. Eng: when ignisignis: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: fire venit?venio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come Non.non: adv. Eng: not Columbusprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in Americaprop. quandoquando: adv./conj. Eng: when ignisignis: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: fire venit.venio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come Columbusprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in Americaprop. quandoquando: adv./conj. Eng: when ignisignis: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: fire venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: arrive inin: prep. Eng: in pontempons: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: bridge Romanum.prop. Columbusprop. dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say veritatem.veritas: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: truth Columbusprop. enimenim: conj. Eng: for nonnon: adv. Eng: not fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be inin: prep. Eng: in mundomundus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: world inin: prep. Eng: in illoille: adj.abl.sg.masc. Eng: that anno.annus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: year

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Index