Lectio Septima

Inin: prep. Eng: in rebusres: noun.abl.pl.fem. Eng: thing humanis,humanus: adj.abl.pl.fem. Eng: human periculumpericulum: noun.nom.sg.neut. Eng: danger nonnon: adv. Eng: not estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be rarum.rarus: adj.nom.sg.neut. Eng: rare Romaniprop. bellumbellum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: war habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have inin: prep. Eng: in multismultus: adj.dat.pl.masc. Eng: many diebusdies: noun.abl.pl.masc. Eng: days etet: conj. Eng: and inin: prep. Eng: in multismultus: adj.dat.pl.masc. Eng: many annis.annus: noun.dat.pl.masc. Eng: year Romaniprop. bellumbellum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: war habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have cumcum: prep. Eng: with Etruscis.prop. Etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet bellumbellum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: war habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have cumcum: prep. Eng: with Aequis.prop. Habuerunthabeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have bellumbellum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: war cumcum: prep. Eng: with multis.multus: adj.dat.pl.neut. Eng: many Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Romaniprop. fortesfortis: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: brave fuerunt.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be Virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man magnimagnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great inin: prep. Eng: in exercitibusexercitus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: army Romanisprop. fuerunt.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be Ergoergo: adv. Eng: because of, on account of Romaniprop. viceruntvinco: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: win Etruscos.prop. Etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet viceruntvinco: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: win Aequos.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Romaniprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not sempersemper: adv. Eng: always vicerunt.vinco: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: win Inin: prep. Eng: in annoannus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: year trecentesimotrecentesimo: num. Eng: three-hundred nonagesimononagesimo: num. Eng: ninety anteante: prep. Eng: before Christum,prop. barbaribarbarus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: barbarian veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come exex: prep. Eng: from Galliaprop. inin: prep. Eng: in Italiam.prop. Galliprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be barbari.barbarus: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: barbarian Galliprop. pugnaveruntpugno: verb.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight cumcum: prep. Eng: with multismultus: adj.dat.pl.masc. Eng: many inin: prep. Eng: in Italia.prop. Galliprop. viceruntvinco: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: win multos.multus: adj.acc.pl.masc. Eng: many Galliprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet pugnaveruntpugno: verb.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight cumcum: prep. Eng: with Etruscis.prop. Galliprop. viceruntvinco: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: win Etruscosprop. inin: prep. Eng: in pugna.pugna: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: fight Galliprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: in terramterra: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: land Romanam.prop. Galliprop. pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight cumcum: prep. Eng: with exercituexercitus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: army Romano.prop. Galliprop. viceruntvinco: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: win exercitumexercitus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: army Romanum.prop. Inin: prep. Eng: in exercituexercitus: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: army Romanoprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be multimultus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: many virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man magnimagnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great etet: conj. Eng: and fortes.fortis: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: brave Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Galliprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be magnimagnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great etet: conj. Eng: and fortes.fortis: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: brave Galliprop. viceruntvinco: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: win Romanos.prop. Galliprop. veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet inin: prep. Eng: in urbemurbs: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: city Romanam.prop. Galliprop. ceperuntcapio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: capture ferefere: adv. Eng: almost totamtotus: adj.acc.sg.fem. Eng: whole urbem.urbs: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: city Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Galiprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not ceperuntcapio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: capture totamtotus: adj.acc.sg.fem. Eng: whole urbem.urbs: noun.acc.sg.fem. Eng: city Galiprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not ceperuntcapio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: capture Capitolium.prop. Inin: prep. Eng: in Capitolioprop. virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man fortesfortis: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: brave fuerunt.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be Sedsed: conj. Eng: but virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man fortesfortis: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: brave dormiebantdormio: verb.imp.3per.pl. Eng: sleep inin: prep. Eng: in Capitolio.prop. Virivir: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: man nonnon: adv. Eng: not audiveruntaudio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: hear Gallosprop. inin: prep. Eng: in Capitolio.prop. Sedsed: conj. Eng: but anseresanser: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: goose fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet inin: prep. Eng: in Capitolio.prop. Anseresanser: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: goose nonnon: adv. Eng: not dormiebant.dormio: verb.imp.3per.pl. Eng: sleep Anseresanser: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: goose audiveruntaudio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: hear Gallos.prop. Anseresanser: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: goose exclamaverunt.exclamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: exclaim Romaniprop. audiveruntaudio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: hear anseres.anser: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: goose Romaniprop. pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight cumcum: prep. Eng: with Gallis.prop.

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Nuncnunc: adv. Eng: now Cogitemuscogito: verb.past.perf.1per.pl. Eng: think

Adjectives used alone: Notice the use of multis in the sentence: pugnaverunt cum multis. It menas: They fought with many. Of course, mutlis means—many peoples or nations. We may leave a word understood with an adjective. We m ust then supply the right word in English; we usually supply one of these: men, things, etc.

Accusative and Ablative of fourth and fifth declensions: So far we have been studying only three declensions. We have used some words from the fourth declension. We must now take a closer look at the new forms. They are as follows (endings are underlined):

Fourth Declension

	Accusative	Ablative
Singular	Exercitum	Exercitu
Plural	Exercitus	Exercitibus

Fifth Declension

	Accusative	Ablative
Singular	Diem	Die
Plural	Dies	Diebus

As to the fourth declension—notice that it has the same accusative singular as the second declension. And it has the same ablative plural as the third.

As to the fifth declension—notice that all four forms above are the same as third declension (although the third sometimes has ablative singular in -i) except that the ablative plural has -ebus instead of -ibus.

How can we tell which declension? If we want to know what family a word belongs to, we take a look at the ablative singular.

1. -a
2. -o
3. -e or -i
4. -u
5. -e

Are there any that are alike? Yes, the fifth declension has -e, and the third sometimes has -e. But there is no real problem—there are very few words that belong to the fifth declension. We shall mark them all thus: dies, -e (5).

Ablative used without prepositions: It is possible to use the ablative case without prepositions. It can have various meaning then. Study these examples:

1. Romani non vicerunt pecunia. (The Romans did not conquer by money.)
2. Romani fuerunt multi numero. (The Romans were many in number.)
3. Romani exclamaverunt voce magna. (The Romans shouted with a great voice.)

Notice the English prepositions that we may supply. They are: in, by, with. We could fill out the translation more if we wanted to: in the first sentence we could say: by means of money. In the second sentence we could say: in respect to number. But the third sentence could not be filled in more. There are a few other uses of the ablative without prepositions. We shall meet them later. But for the present let us remember to try that list of prepositions: in, by, with whenever we see an ablative without a preposition.

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Exerceamusexerceo: verb.pres.1per.pl. Eng: exercise nosego: pron.nom.pl. Eng: I

Look for ablative patterns:

Galliprop. exercitumexercitus: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: army Romanumprop. vicerunt.vinco: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: win Galliprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet Etruscosprop. vicerunt.vinco: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: win Galliprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: in Italiamprop. magnismagnus: adj.abl.pl.masc. Eng: great navibus.navis: noun.abl.pl.fem. Eng: ship Galliprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come multismultus: adj.abl.pl.masc. Eng: many navibus.navis: noun.abl.pl.fem. Eng: ship Galliprop. navibusnavis: noun.abl.pl.fem. Eng: ship nonnon: adv. Eng: not venerunt.venio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come Galliprop. veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come multismultus: adj.abl.pl.masc. Eng: many exercitibus.exercitus: noun.abl.pl.masc. Eng: army Romaniprop. fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be magnimagnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great fortitudinefortitudo: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: fortitude Galliprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet magnimagnus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: great fortitudinefortitudo: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: fortitude fuerunt.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be Galliprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not viceruntvinco: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: win pecunia.pecunia: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: money Quandoquando: adv. Eng: when Galliprop. veneruntvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: come inin: prep. Eng: in Capitolium,prop. anseresanser: noun.nom.pl.masc. Eng: goose exclamaveruntexclamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: exclaim vocevox: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: voice magna.magnus: adj.abl.sg.fem. Eng: great Romaniprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet exclamaveruntexclamo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: exclaim vocevox: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: voice magna.magnus: adj.abl.sg.fem. Eng: great Romaniprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet bonibonus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: good fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be consiliis.consilium: noun.abl.pl.neut. Eng: counsel Galliprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not fueruntsum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be bonibonus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: good consiliis.consilium: noun.abl.pl.neut. Eng: counsel Galliprop. malimalus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: evil consiliisconsilium: noun.abl.pl.neut. Eng: counsel fuerunt.sum: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: be Senatussenatus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: senate Romanusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be bonusbonus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: good consiliis.consilium: noun.abl.pl.neut. Eng: counsel Senatussenatus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: senate creavitcreo: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: create Dictatorem.doctator: noun.acc.sg.masc. Eng: dictator Senatussenatus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: senate dixitdico: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: say quodquod: conj. Eng: that Cincinnatusprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be virvir: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: man fortis.fortis: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: brave Cincinnatusprop. Aequosprop. vicit.vinco: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: win Cincinnatusprop. Aequosprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not vicitvinco: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: win pecunia.pecunia: noun.nom.sg.fem. Eng: money Cincinnatusprop. Aequosprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not vicitvinco: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: win igni.ignis: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: fire Cincinnatusprop. Aequosprop. vicitvinco: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: win fortitudine.fortitudo: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: fortitude Sedsed: conj. Eng: but Columbusprop. etiametiam: adv. Eng: also, yet fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be magnusmagnus: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: great fortitudine.fortitudo: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: fortitude Columbusprop. enimenim: conj. Eng: for inin: prep. Eng: in Americamprop. venit.venio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come Columbusprop. venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come adad: prep. Eng: to Americamprop. navibus.navis: noun.abl.pl.fem. Eng: ship Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb nonnon: adv. Eng: not venitvenio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come adad: prep. Eng: to Americamprop. navibus.navis: noun.abl.pl.fem. Eng: ship Agnusagnus: noun.nom.sg.masc. Eng: lamb adad: prep. Eng: to Americamprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not venit.venio: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: come Primisprimus: adj.abl.pl.masc. Eng: first diebusdies: noun.abl.pl.masc. Eng: day Romaniprop. bellumbellum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: war habuerunt.habeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have Romaniprop. multismultus: adj.nom.pl.masc. Eng: many annisannus: noun.abl.pl.masc. Eng: year bellumbellum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: war habuerunt.habeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have Romaniprop. ferefere: adv. Eng: almost sempersemper: adv. Eng: always bellumbellum: noun.acc.sg.neut. Eng: war habuerunt.habeo: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: have Romaniprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight aqua.aqua: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: water Romaniprop. nonnon: adv. Eng: not pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight igni.ignis: noun.abl.sg.masc. Eng: fire Romaniprop. pugnaveruntpugno: verb.past.perf.3per.pl. Eng: fight magnismagnus: adj.abl.pl.masc. Eng: great exercitibus.exercitus: noun.abl.pl.masc. Eng: army Romaprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be fortisfortis: adj.nom.sg.masc. Eng: brave civibuscivis: noun.abl.pl.masc. Eng: citizen fortibus.fortis: adj.abl.pl.masc. Eng: brave Romaprop. fuitsum: verb.past.perf.3per.sg. Eng: be magnamagnus: adj.abl.sg.fem. Eng: great potestate.potestas: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: power Nuncnunc: adv. Eng: now Romaprop. estsum: verb.pres.3per.sg. Eng: be magnamagnus: adj.abl.sg.fem. Eng: great veritateveritas: noun.abl.sg.fem. Eng: truth Christiana.prop.

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Index